Photosynthesis-The Light Reactions

<PSI & PSII Electron Transport Chain>

• Reduction is the gaining of electrons and oxidization is the losing of electrons. Photosynthesis is processed through transfer of electrons.
• PSII is first stimulated by sunlight to obtain electrons from water. The hydrogen bond breaks and two H+ bond together and form hydrogen gas.This process of breaking hydrogen bond through sunlight is called photolysis.
• The electrons are then passed from PSII to PQ. Therefore, PSII is oxidized and PQ is reduced.
• Since PQ is a proton carrier, a bridge forms inside PQ allowing hydrogen to come in.
• The electrons are passed from PQ to b6f. Therefore, PQ is oxidized and b6f is reduced.
• PSI is stimulated by sunlight to obtain electrons from b6f. Therefore, b6f is oxidized and PSI is reduced.
• The electrons are passed from PSI to Fd. Therefore, PSI is oxidized and Fd is reduced.
• The electrons are passed from Fd to FNR. Therefore, Fd is oxidized and FNR is reduced.
• The electrons are passed from FNR to NADP. Therefore FNR is oxidized and NADP is reduced.
• A hydrogen then bonds to NADP and results in NADPH.
• However, after the gaining of hydrogen, the environment becomes too acidic so it is then turned to neutral by a process known as chemiosmosis.
• The hydrogen is allowed out of the system by chemiosmosis where hydrogen moves from a high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
• A phosphate is joined to ADP through ATP synthase and becomes ATP and hydrogen leaves the system.

Lab #2-Fetal Pig Dissection

Day 1 of Dissection:



The fetal pig was prepared for dissection.



The sex of the pig was determined by looking for the urogenital opening. Since the opening of this fetal pig was located near the anus, the pig was determined to be a female.



The pig was pinned down to the tray for dissection.



The bottom half of the pig was cut open to study its organs.



The liver, located near the stomach, was first separated and taken out.



The stomach was then taken out. In this picture, the stomach appears deflated since during the process of taking out the stomach, the fluid inside flew out.



The small intestine was taken out.



The pancreas and gall bladder was taken out.



The kidneys were taken out.



Since this fetal pig was a female, the ovaries, responsible for the reproductive system was taken out.


Day 2 of Dissection:



On the second day of dissection, the upper part of the fetal pig was cut open to study the organs.



The heart was first taken out.



 The lung was then taken out.



 The top of the pig's head was cut open to observe the brain.



The pig's eye was removed and cut open to observe its lens.



The lens of the eye was taken out and observed. According to the close observation, the lens was determined to be a convex lens.